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Nagami F. Husain MD, FRCS (Eng & Edin)

President International Institute for Islamic medicine

Former President of the Islamic Medical Association

Past Editor in Chief Journal of Islamic Medical Association

Clinical Assistant Professor of Surgery,

University of Florida Medical School

south of Tampa, Florida.

Director, Division of Cardio-Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Tampa, Tampa, Florida, USA

cardiovascular surgeon, Heart Institute of Florida

there is a significant

in the literature concerning the definition of “Islamic medicine”. This is mainly because every author who speaks of “Islamic medicine is writing the appearance of Islamic medicine. Thus, the definition can vary depending on your perspective. The context can be historical, cultural, scientific, pharmacological, therapeutic, religious or a geo-political. In this monograph, we examine this body of knowledge mainly from his point of view points

historical, scientific, therapeutic and application

The main source of inspiration for all the knowledge of Islam is “The Holy Koran.” This book is considered by Muslims or followers of Islam is the word of Allah or God, revealed by Him to the Prophet of Islam Mohammed. A secondary source of inspiration is the Muslim Hadith Sunnah ‘, “What are registered and authenticated the texts and traditions of the Prophet Mohammed of Islam

.

As such it is not the quantity of drugs is mentioned in the Quran, except for the beneficial effects of certain foods to know. honey and abstinence from alcohol or other intoxicants forbidden to all Muslims, but the Koran is the spiritual guide that every Muslim should follow, including physicians in the treatment of patients and patients of their disease. But in early Islamic era, the Hadith literature had accumulated a number of sayings and traditions of the Prophet in a collection called “Prophetic medicine”. These edicts lesson on the virtues of food, natural remedies, and simple management of the disease, such as headache, fever, sore throat, conjunctivitis, etc. More important was prescribed injunctions against contact with people with a contagious disease such as leprosy epidemic zone in or out, or fever, helping to limit the disease. Also, many traditions have been collected under the title “spiritual medicine. It ‘was a collection of verses from the Quran or prayers to the Almighty, invoking the blessings should be recited during affliction and must be written.

Prophetic Medicine:

“prophetic medicine,” although popular with the masses of Muslims because of its theological and doctrinal content was considered by most Muslim historians and doctors as distinct from Islamic medicine and scientific analysis. Ibn Khaldun (1332 – 1406 AD), known medieval Muslim jurist, statesman, in his statement “Prolegomena”:

“The Bedouins in their culture, have a kind of medicine that is based primarily limited experience in patients with few, and have inherited by their leaders and women groups. In some cases it is correct, but it is not based on natural laws, and is not tested against the accounts (scientific) natural constitution (of people). Now, the Arabs had a lot of this kind of medicine, before the advent of Islam and there were doctors among them well known as Ibn al-Harith and others Kaladi. Their medicine was sent in Islamic religious works (as opposed to works that were considered scientific works) belong to this genus. It is certainly not part of divine revelation (the Prophet Muhammad), but something usually practiced by the Arabs. This type of medicine is included in his biographies So how are the other issues of sociological importance of the multitude, as the natural life and customs of the Arabs, but are not part of Islam to be enforced in the same way. “

Definition:

Islamic medicine in context, can then be defined as a body of knowledge of medicine that was inherited by the Muslims in the first phase of Islamic history (40-247 AD AH/661 -861 ), sources greek, but added to the medical knowledge of Persia, Syria, India and Byzantine periods. This knowledge has not only become translated into Arabic, the lingua franca of literature and science, at the time, but what needs to be exposed, Treaty, and added more completely codified, and “Islam.” The doctors of the day at a time, Muslims and non Muslims, then add to that, their observations and experiments and turn it into a nascent science and practice, thus contributing way not only to cure the ills of the masses, but by increasing their level of health. The effects of the expansion of its dominant influence, not only in the vast lands of Islam, but in all neighboring countries including Europe, Asia, China and Far East. The duration was measured, not only for a couple of centuries, but perhaps for an entire millennium, AD 610-1610. Meanwhile, Europe and the rest of the civilized nations of the world were grappling with the existing “dark ages “. It has also set standards of hygiene and preventive medicine and has been responsible for improving the overall health of the masses. It was to rule until finally declining, coinciding with the political decline of the Islamic nation. With the advent of Renaissance in Europe in the 17th century AD, was finally challenged by new and emerging science of modern medicine, which was finally replaced in many countries, including countries of birth

History:

In order to understand the environment in which Islamic medicine was born, we must understand the events and the advent of Islam some of the events immediately preceding the era of Islam. What Saudi Arabia is a vast area mostly covered by an arid desert that has been traveled by nomadic Bedouin tribes. Some communities have been created where to cut trade routes and water was available. Mecca was along the trade route to Damascus-Yaman. It ‘was considered a holy city and the sanctuary. The house of worship or Kaaba was filled with idols of different deities, each representing a tribe or community. These Bedouins had their own tribe or moral codes of ethical conduct, and that in practice idolatry. vendettas were common, and attack the convoys along routes trade as a way of life. Sacrifices were often offered to appease the gods and burying alive of female children was a common practice. family quarrels were frequent accounts and brings honor to defend tribal frequent bloody encounters that killed many people . Women and children were treated as “property real or personal property and became the winner. This time is often called by Saudi Muslims as “age Jahilliya or ignorance. Islam is not only dramatic changes in religious practices of these nomadic tribes in the war, but then bring them together in unprecedented in social and cultural nation that was rapidly turning into a strong political entity with its own system of administration, justice and military power, all under the same management. The first part of the Islamic state there is no doubt that the prophet of Islam, Muhammad, but his four successors called the “pious caliph ‘were quickly consolidated and expanded the nation. In one hundred years of the coming into existence, the Islamic empire had spread from Spain to China, west to east, and includes among its members, all of North Africa, Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Transjordan, Central Asia and Western parts of India. Later, even more was to be carried by Muslim merchants on the shores of the Far East, including the Malay Peninsula, the islands of East Indies and Indonesia. In his first term and for several centuries, the Islamic empire was at the center led by a leader or “caliph” and administered by provincial governors. The first four caliphs were elected democratically, but later, the Caliphate became dynastic. Later still a caliphate in the West was established in Spain. In the story later, the Islamic nation has been divided into several kingdoms, such as provincial leaders to become more autonomous and independent of the center and what ultimately to be invaded by the Turks who were the precursor Sejluk the Ottoman Empire.

E ‘was during the Caliphate of the first’ Umayyad and the Abbasids’ that is experiencing the greatest development of Islamic medicine. This was the case in this period and under the patronage of the caliphs that great Muslim physicians and non-Muslims have prospered, the accumulated wealth of medical knowledge and cultivated a system of medicine that was later called “Islamic medicine”. beginning of the era of Islamic Medicine and School of Medicine Jundishapur:

Jundishapur or “Gondeshapur ‘was a city of Khuzestan Sasnid founded by Shapur I (241-272 AD), before the advent This ISLAM.It to solve Greek prisoners, hence the name “Wandew Shapur ‘or’ acquired by Shapur.” The site of Iran’s west today is marked by the ruins of Shahbad near the city of Ahwaz. The city was taken by Muslims during the caliphate of Hadrat Umar, Abu Musa Al-Ashari in (17 AH/738 AD). At that time he had already established a hospital and medical school.

Many have found refuge in Syria

the city of Antioch, was captured by Shapur I. This’ last fact is nicknamed the city “Vehaz ANDEVA-Shapur ‘or’ taste is better than Antioch.” Consequently, the Nestorians fleeing from there and seek refuge in Jundishapur under the patronage of Taste II, which received a boost as academic Nestorian The closure of the school of Edessa by Emperor Zeno in 489 AD, resulted in < - - Next>. The city was already a ‘dominant influence in greek Jundishapur when the closure of the School of Athens 529 AD by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian ordered to shoot this led many Greek physicians. university with a medical school and a hospital were established by the sages Anushirwan Khusraw (531-579 AD) in which the Syrian drug blossomed Greece . Added to this medical knowledge in India by the physician vizier Anushirwan Burzuyah called. ” On his return from India This led the famous “Fables of Bidpai, other Indian doctors, the details of Indian medical texts and a translation of the Pahlavi” Kalila and Dimma. “Khusraw Aristotleian even presented a translation of logic and philosophy. So , where the Islamic invasion of the school is well established and Jundishapur became famous as a medical center from the greek, Syrian and Indian learning. This knowledge has been involved in the creation of a highly successful and state of the art hospital and medical school . After the advent of Islamic law at the University continued to prosper. In fact, the first recorded Muslim doctor Kaladi bin Harith, who was a contemporary of the Prophet acquired his medical knowledge to medical school and hospital Jundishapur.

E ‘expected that training in medical Jundishapur was modeled on the teaching in Alexandria with some influence from Antioch, but it is important to note that “the treatment was based entirely on an analysis of scientist in the true tradition of Hippocrates,” rather than a set of superstitions and rituals, such as the “asclepieia ‘Greek and Byzantine hospital. Hospital and Medical Center to become the model on which all subsequent Islamic Medical Scool and hospitals should be. The school has prospered with the No built during the caliphate and Sergei Ummayid Rasul’ayn translates medical and philosophical works of both Hippocrates and Galen into Syriac. They then be translated into Arabic casting eternal imprint on the whole future of Islamic medicine. E ‘was during the Abbasid caliphate caliph al-Mansur as the founder of the city of Baghdad has invited the head, then at the Ecole Jundishapur to treat it. This doctor was Bukhtyishu Jirjis, a Christian whose name means’ Jesus has saved. “He was treated with success and Caliph appointed to the Court. He did not stay permanently in Baghdad before returning to Jundishapur his death, but migration had begun in Baghdad. So, the son Jibrail Bukhtishu established practice in the city and became an eminent physician. A ‘ another family who emigrated from Baghdad Jundishapur Masawayh family visited at the invitation of Caliph Harun-ul-Rashid and became a famous ophthalmologist. The most famous among his three sons who were doctors Yuhanna ibn Masawayh (Mesu senior). Wrote long and 42 works attributed to him. In this time of half, the second in the 2nd century AH (8th century AD) the reputation of Baghdad began to rise, while the political power of the caliphate. Many hospitals and medical centers have been established and tremendous intellectual activity was recorded. This results in the period of Islamic Renaissance and the golden age of Islamic medicine, whose description is given in a separate section. Resources for the development of Islamic medicine: The Bait-ul-Hikma or “House of Wisdom:

” Bait-ul-Hikma or House of Wisdom was founded in 214 AH 830 AD by the Caliph of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mamun. Ibn al-Nadim, who was the son of a bookseller and a catalog of famous books Firhist Nadim tells us of many books of his time, telling the story of the Caliph: Aristotle appeared in the dream of the scholar and the caliph told him that there was no The conflict between reason and revelation as caliph put to the research. books and manuscripts of the ancient Greek philosophers and scientists. Byzantine emperor sent an envoy to get all scientific manuscripts that were apparently kept in an old dilapidated building. After initially denied him the emperor granted his request. Among the emissaries sent to select the works as the first director of the House of Wisdom Salman, who was the one who led the delegation. Others were Hajjaj ibn Matar, Ibn al Batrik Theys. brought many Greek scientific books and manuscripts. translations of all these started.However immediately what the translation of medical works of the Greeks first began in the reign of Caliph Harun al-Rashid, with the construction of the first hospital under the patronage of the caliph.

Ibn Nadim lists 57 translators associated with it the House of Wisdom. The sound that was the first delegation to the Byzantine King have been appointed. Others are known as follows:

1 Al Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ibn Matar completed the translation of Euclid’s Elements Other Greek writers, Aristotle, Archimedes, Pythogras, Theodosius, Jerash, Apollonius, Theon, and Menelaus were all. translated.

2 Muhammad ibn al-Mujsa Khwarizimi born in Khiva systematically explored the arithmetic and algebra. ” The latter was named after his speech. “Kitab al-Jabr wa al-Muqabla” Algebra has been derived from the second letter and meant “to put the bones,” a graphic description of operations to solve equations on the dial. 3 knowledge of geometry has prospered, and with it the architecture and design. Ibn Khaldun was later to describe the geometry as a science “Enlighten the human mind and cultivate rational thinking ‘. 4 the court astronomer Mamun Musa ibn Shakir this. His son, three of Muhammad Ahmad al-Hassan and dedicated their life to the pursuit of knowledge as the prophetic tradition, and they said:. “Seek learning, even if it is in China.” Seeking knowledge is obligatory for every Muslim. “” The ink of scholars is worth more than the blood of martyrs ” . 5 The work of these scientists or “Sons of Musa” They were exceptionally creative wrote about. Celestial mechanics, the atom, the origins of the earth, the universe of Ptolemy, the properties of the, aircraft ellipse and spheres, the knowledge of geometry used in practice to build canals, bridges and architectural designs.

6 Muhammad ibn Musa on one of his trips he met Thabit ibn Qurra. He was the master of three languages. greek, arabic and Syraic and soon nominated to become an astrologer at the court of the caliph al-Mutadid. It ‘was most precious to the House of Wisdom. In 70 original works he wrote on every topic imaginable, including mathematics, astronomy, the ‘astrology, ethics, mechanics, physics, philosophy, and published commentaries on Euclid, Ptolemy, and other thinkers and philosophers greek.

Both the seventh son of Thabit ibn Qurra then became famous. Sinan was a famous doctor in Baghdad. ‘was a director of several hospitals and was court physician to three successive caliphs. His son Ibrahim later became an eminent scientist. sundials invented and wrote a treatise on this subject at this.

The eighth largest medical mind of the House of Wisdom Hunain ibn Ishaq. Hunain Born in Hira was the son of a pharmacist. Very quickly, he translated the entire collection of Greek medical works including Galen, Hippocrates. Hunain as extremely gifted translator and talented. To be a simple literal translation of which had tended to be more scientific and correctly interpreted the original text in cross reference, citing record and glossaries. His original contributions, including 10 works in ophthalmology, which were extremely consistent. reached its highest honor to be appointed by the Director of the House of Wisdom by the caliph al-Mutawakkil.

Qusta ibn Luqa ninth was taken another translator and scholar. It has 40 original contributions to his credit. He writes on various topics such as “mirrors, hair, fans, wind, logic, geometry and astronomy to name a few.

10 Yuhanna ibn Masawaih (senior abuse) was an early director of the House of Wisdom. served under four caliphs. Al Mamun, Al-Mutassim, al-Mutawakkil and al-Wathika. He has written on medical issues gynecological in particular. 11 The effect of the House of Wisdom has been tremendous. Islamic science, philosophy, art and architecture all felt its effects. agriculture, government, prosperity and economic welfare is staticonoscenza ancient Greece, Syria, Persia and India at their disposal and in turn have contributed with their astute observation and originality. The giants of Islamic medicine and achievements are described elsewhere. hospital during the Islamic period:

The idea of ​​a hospital as a place of institutional care of patients has not been recorded in ancient times there. “Flags of travel” and nursing homes that were attached to temples, where patients have been followed by auxiliary priests. Most of therapy in these nursing homes consisted of prayers and sacrifices to the gods of healing especially Aaescalapius. Cure which took place thanks to divine intervention.

Many hospitals have been developed in the early centuries of Islam. They should be called “Bimaristan” or “maristan. The idea of ​​a hospital as a place where patients could attract the attention has been fully embraced by the early caliphs. The first hospital is accredited to the Caliph al-Walid I, Umayyad caliph (705-715 AD AH 86-96), but by some, was considered nothing more than leprosoria < - Next -> because it allowed the separation of lepers from the rest. He had the “doctors employees’ personnel to assist patients.

The first true Islamic hospital was built during the reign of Caliph Harun-ul-Rashid (170-193 AH 786-809 AD). Having heard of the famous medical institution Jundishapur previously described, the Caliph invited the son of a surgeon, Jibrail Bakhtishu to come to Baghdad and head of bimaristan new “what he did. ‘Fast achieved fame and led quickly to change in other hospitals in Baghdad. One of these hospital “Audidi ‘must be built according to the instructions of the great Islamic physician Al-Razi. It is said that in choosing the best site for the hospital, there were pieces of meat hung in various parts of the city, and saw their putrefaction and informed the caliph instead of the hospital where the rot was more slower and less ! At its inception, there were 24 physicians on staff including specialists categorized as physiologists, ophthalmologists, surgeons and blood Etters. When Djubair traveled to Baghdad in 580 AH / 1184 AD, recorded that this hospital was a “great castle” with water from the Tigris and all the royal palaces accessory. of the largest hospitals ever built was the Mansuri hospital in Cairo was completed in 1248 by order of the Mamluk ruler of Egypt, Mansur Qalaun. It ‘was the most elaborate. He had a total capacity of 8000 people! allocations from only the annual income of one million dirhams. Men and women were admitted to separate services. regardless of race or creed of religion and nationality (which is specifically provided in the documents of waqf) No person ‘has never been hijacked. There is no limit to the time the patient was treated in hospital! (What a contrast with these HMO!). There were separate quarters for men and women in medicine, surgery, fevers and eye disease have separate quarters. He had his own pharmacy, library and conference rooms. There was a mosque for Muslim patients and a chapel for Christian

As for the physical conditions of these hospitals, particularly those established by the princes, kings and viziers, we can say that some of them are real and luxurious palaces were turned into hospitals. Even contemporary Europe could boast only one hospital that has facilities that have been given in these intitutions. Some of them, especially in Baghdad, Egypt and Syria were moving were similar to those of the palace. Most of them are under the patronage of the viziers, sultans and caliphs were probably inspired by the Islamic doctrine of the welfare of the poor and needy. The Qur’an tells us: “You can see the virtue unless it is spent for the welfare of the poor in the best part of your heritage” (3.92) and again: “O ye who believe (both for poor ii) part Remarkable what he earned and what your crops, and not unworthy of its parts so that it will take until you look carefully at the quality and know that God is not in need and to praise him. (2267) .

As for the salaries of doctors here is some information from authentic sources. The annual income of Ibn Jibrail Bakitshu who was chief of staff at a hospital in Baghdad during the reign of Mamun ArRashid (d AH 833/218 AD ) recorded by his personal secretary was 4.9 million dirhams. So the son of a doctor lived in a house in Baghdad that was affected by ice in summer and heated by charcoal in winter! Resident comparison should have been in service for two days and two nights a week, which was paid 300 dirhams a month. (remember Denton Cooley and his companions p>?). great doctors of Islamic medicine:

The era of Islamic practitioners produced some very famous and notable These physicians are not only responsible for obtaining all available information. Medicine of time together, but add to this knowledge by their own astute observations, experimentation and the ‘ Rennaicanse compétences.Avec arrival of Europeans have formed the basis on which the European authors acquired knowledge in medicine “old” or the early Greek writers, whose works have been preserved only in Arabic. In addition, many re-discoveries were made which had already was recorded by Muslim physicians, but until then unknown until recently discovered. L ‘classic example of the discovery of the pulmonary circulation initially given to Servetus was found to have been briefly described by Ibn Nafis a Muslim doctor who lived centuries before . Ibn Nafis rejected the concepts previously held by Galen and less traffic Sun describes briefly that nothing could be added to Malphigi could describe the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries with the advent of the microscope discovered by Antoine de Luwenheek half century of 19 °. Some of they are the basis for the education of students in traditional medicine and Hikma Islamic Tibb practiced in the subcontinent of India and Pakistan, even today, under the banner of Unani Tibb or medicine. “It would be possible for us out in this chapter describe the results of each of these doctors, but we will proceed to give the main results of some of the most remarkable of them. for the love of the classification of the historical periods of medical Islam can be divided into three parts: The first period of Islamic Renaissance: The Beginning of Islam at the end of the Abbasid Dynasty Islamic Period The period 2: .. When all the sciences, including medicine has reached its final development under the auspices of ‘Islam. 3. The period of decline. Courses that knowledge of Islamic medicine has been translated into European languages ​​and became the basis for the development and discovery, and eventually led to the development base

Modern Medicine

Islamic Golden Age:

physicians significantly during this period are:

Bukhtishu family doctors. The oldest among these was Jibrail Bukhtishu who was the chief physician of the hospital Jundishapur. He came from a family of Christain and was summoned to the court of the Caliph Mamoun (148AH/765 AD) when he fell